Rock Pigeon

# Evolutionary Timeline of the Rock Pigeon The Rock Pigeon (Columba livia) has a rich evolutionary history tied to the broader evolution of birds from dinosaur ancestors. Originating in the Old World, their evolution was shaped by climatic changes, habitat shifts, and human influence. Key pressures included adapting to arid and rocky environments, leading to strong flight capabilities and nesting behaviors. ### Key Milestones: - **~150 million years ago (Late Jurassic)**: Birds evolve from theropod dinosaurs, setting the stage for avian diversification. - **~50-60 million years ago (Paleogene)**: Columbiformes (pigeon and dove order) diverge from other birds, adapting to forested and open habitats post-Cretaceous extinction. - **~5-10 million years ago (Miocene-Pliocene)**: Genus Columba emerges, with ancestors adapting to rocky cliffs and coastal areas amid cooling climates. - **~2 million years ago (Pleistocene)**: Speciation of Columba livia, influenced by glacial cycles and migration patterns. - **~5,000-10,000 years ago (Holocene)**: Domestication by humans begins, leading to feral populations and urban adaptations.